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In human genetics, Haplogroup CT is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, defining one of the major lines of common ancestry of humanity along father-to-son male lines. Men within this haplogroup have Y chromosomes with the SNP mutation M168, along with P9.1 and M294. These mutations are present in all modern human male lines except A and B, which are both found almost exclusively in Africa. The most recent common male line ancestor (MRCA) of all CT men today probably pre-dated the "Out of Africa" migration of anatomically modern humans, a migration in which some of his descendants participated. He is therefore thought to have lived in Africa before this proposed migration.〔〔 In keeping with the jocular title of "Y-chromosomal Adam" given to the patrilineal ancestor of all living humans, CT-M168 has therefore also been referred to in popularized accounts as being the lineage of "Eurasian Adam" or "Out of Africa Adam".〔(Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis ), By Linda Stone, Paul F. Lurquin, 2007, ISBN 1-4051-5089-0, page 187〕〔(Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes ), by Norman A. Johnson, 2007, ISBN 0-19-530675-9, ISBN 978-0-19-530675-0〕〔Karafet et al. (2008), (New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree ), Genome Research, PMID 18385274〕 No male in paragroup CT * has yet been discovered, which means in other words that all men in this haplogroup are also defined as being in one of the several major branch clades. All known surviving descendant lineages of CT are in one of two major sub-clades, CF and DE. Both of these appear to have arisen only a few thousand years after the original common ancestor of CT. In turn, DE is divided into an Asian haplogroup D and a predominantly Africa-distributed haplogroup E, while CF is divided into an East Asian, American, and Oceanian haplogroup C and haplogroup F, which dominates most non-African populations.〔 Haplogroup CT is therefore the common ancestral male lineage of all men alive today except the ones that belong to A or B haplogroups, including most Africans, among whom haplogroup E is predominant, and most non-Africans, among whom haplogroup F is predominant. ==Subclades== ;Haplogroup CT (M168/PF1416) *CF (P143/PF2587, CTS3818/M3690/PF2668, CTS6376/M3711/PF2697) * *C (M130/Page51/RPS4Y711, M216) '' Asia, Oceania, and North America'' * * * C1 F3393/Z1426 * * * * C1a CTS11043 * * * * * C1a1 ''formerly C1'' (M8, M105, M131) '' Japan and Europe (including Kostenki 38 000 years ago)'' * * * * C1b * * * * * C1b1 * * * * * *C1b1a * * * * * * *C1b1a1 ''formerly C5'' (M356) '' South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia'' * * * * * C1b2 * * * * * *C1b2a ''formerly C2'' (M38) '' Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia'' * * * * * *C1b2b ''formerly C4'' (M347) '' Indigenous Australians'' * * *C2 ''formerly C3'' (M217, P44) ''Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples'' * *F (M89, M213) ''Found throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas'' * * *F1 (P91, P104) * * *F2 (M427, M428) * * *F3 (P96) * * *F4 (M481) * *GHIJK F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299, CTS2254/M3680/PF2657, FGC2045/Z12203 Throughout Eurasia; also The Americas; at low levels/among minorities in Africa and Oceania * * *G M201, P257 ''Primarily the Caucasus; also at low levels/among minorities in Europe, North Africa, South West Asia and Central Asia'' * * *HIJK Throughout Eurasia; also The Americas; at low levels/among minorities in Africa and Oceania * * * *H M69, M370 '' South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia'' * * * *IJK L15/S137, L16/S138 '' Eurasia, North Africa, Oceania, the Americas and East Africa'' * * * *IJ M429/P125 '' Europe, Western Asia, North Africa and East Africa'' * * * * *I M170, M258, P19, P38, P212, U179 '' Europe'' * * * * *J 12f2.1, M304 '' Europe, Western Asia, North Africa and East Africa'' * * * *K M9 ''Found all over Eurasia; also significant in the Americas and Oceania; at lower levels in North Africa and East Africa * * * * *LT (K1) L298/P326 * * * * * *L M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295 '' the Indian subcontinent'' * * * * * *T M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272 (formerly K2) '' Southwestern Asia, South Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Fulani, and Southern Europe'' * * * * *K2 M526 Eurasia, Oceania, The Americas, some indigenous Australians and some minorities in Africa * * * * * *NO (K2a) M214 ''Reportedly found in small numbers of Buyi and Japanese males.'' * * * * * * *N M231 '' Eastern Europe, North Asia, and East Asia'' * * * * * * *O M175 '' Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia'' * * * * * *K2b ''formerly MPS'' P331 ''Eurasia, The Americas, Oceania and minorities in Africa'' * * * * * * *K2b1 ''formerly MS'' P397/P399 Melanesians, Micronesians, indigenous Australians and Polynesians. * * * * * * * *M P256 ''Eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia'' * * * * * * * *S M230, P202, P204 (formerly K5) ''Eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia'' * * * * * * *P (K2b2) 92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27.1/P207 ''Throughout Eurasia, The Americas and some minorities in Africa * * * * * * * *Q M242 '' The Americas and Eurasia'' * * * * * * * *R M207/UTY2, M306/S1 ''Throughout Eurasia (except South East Asia) and in minorities in Africa such as the Fulani'' * * * * * * K2c P261 ''Low levels in Bali'' * * * * * * K2d P402/P403 ''Low levels in Java'' * * * * * * K2e M147 ''Low levels in South Asia'' *Haplogroup DE (M1/YAP, M145/P205, M203/Page36, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183) ''Asia, Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe; also at low levels in Oceania'' * *Haplogroup D (M174) ''Primarily Japan, Tibet and Andaman Islanders; also at low level/among minorities in East Asia, Central Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia'' * * *Haplogroup D1 (CTS11577) ''Mainly Tibet; minorities in Central Asia, East Asia, and South East Asia'' * * * * Haplogroup D1a Z27276 ''East and Central Asia'' * * * * *D1a1 (M15) (ex-D1) ''Qiang people; also at low levels throughout East and Central Asia'' * * * * * Haplogroup D1a2 P99 (ex-D3) ''Tibet and Central Asia'' * * * * Haplogroup D1b (ex-D2) (M64.1/Page44.1, M55, M57, M179/Page31, M359.1/P41.1, P37.1, P190, 12f2.2) ''Mainly Japan; also at lowel levels/among minorities in Korea, China, Micronesia and Melanesia'' * * *Haplogroup D2 L1366 (ex-D1a) ''Philippines'' * *Haplogroup E (M40, M96) '' Africa, Middle East, Southern and Eastern Europe'' * * *Haplogroup E1 (P147) ''At high levels throughout Africa; at lower levels in the Middle East and Europe'' * * * *Haplogroup E1a (formerly E1) (M132) ''Primarily Africa'' * * * *Haplogroup E1b (P177/PF1939) * * * * *Haplogroup E1b1 (formerly E3) (P2, DYS391p) * * * * * *Haplogroup E1b1a L222.1/S350.1 * * * * * *Haplogroup E1b1a1 (formerly E3a) (M2) '' North Africa, East Africa, Middle, Eastern, and Southern Africa'' * * * * * *Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly E3b) (M215) '' East Africa (Ethiopians, Somalis), North Africa (Berbers, Arabs, Tuareg,〔Pereira et al. (2010), (Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel ), European Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 18, 915–923; 〕 Sahrawi), the Middle East, Europe (esp. areas near the Mediterranean Sea)'' * * *Haplogroup E2 (M75) ''East Africa'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haplogroup CT」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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